triangle

# Conflicts:
#	src/camera.rs
#	src/math_utils.rs

.gitignore

@@ -1 +1,3 @@
 /target
+.idea/
+.vscode/

.idea/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Default ignored files
+/shelf/
+/workspace.xml
+# Editor-based HTTP Client requests
+/httpRequests/
+# Datasource local storage ignored files
+/dataSources/
+/dataSources.local.xml

Cargo.lock

@@ -2,6 +2,208 @@
 # It is not intended for manual editing.
 version = 4
 
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+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
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+ "libc",
+ "r-efi",
+ "wasi",
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 [[package]]
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 version = "0.1.0"
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+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags",
+]
+
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+ "zerocopy-derive",
+]
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]

Cargo.toml

@@ -4,3 +4,5 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 edition = "2024"
 
 [dependencies]
+rand = "0.9.2"  # 使用最新稳定版
+rayon = "1.11.0"

src/camera.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::{BufWriter};
+use std::sync::{RwLock};
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use crate::hittable::HittableList;
+use crate::math_utils::{clamp, degrees_to_radians, random_in_unit_disk};
+use crate::ppm_writer::PPMWriter;
+use crate::types_defined::{Camera, Color, HitRecord, Point, Ray, Vec3};
+use rand::rngs::ThreadRng;
+use rand::{Rng, rng};
+use rayon::iter::{IntoParallelIterator, ParallelIterator};
+use crate::material::{Material, MaterialKind};
+
+impl<'a> Camera<'a> {
+    pub fn new(
+        fov: f32,
+        image_width: i32,
+        aspect_ratio: f32,
+        center: Point,
+        look_at: Point,
+        v_up: Vec3,
+        sample_times: i8,
+        reflect_depth: i8,
+        defocus_angle : f32,
+        focal_distance: f32,
+        ppm_file_writer: &'a mut PPMWriter<BufWriter<File>>
+    ) -> Self {
+
+    //    let focal_length = (look_at - center).length();
+
+       let theta = degrees_to_radians(fov);
+       let h = f32::tan(theta / 2.);
+       let viewport_height = 2. * h * focal_distance;
+    //    let viewport_height = 2. * h * focal_length;
+
+        let image_height = ((image_width as f32 / aspect_ratio) as i32).max(1);
+        let viewport_width = viewport_height * (image_width as f32 / image_height as f32);
+
+
+        let  w = (center - look_at).normalize();
+        let  u = v_up.cross(w).normalize();
+        let  v = w.cross(u);
+
+
+        let viewport_u = viewport_width * u;
+        // image x--> right
+        //       |
+        //       y
+        // space: y up , x right , z back, -z front
+        let viewport_v = viewport_height * (-1. * v);
+        // width per pix
+        let viewport_u_delta = viewport_u / (image_width as f32);
+        // height per pix
+        let viewport_v_delta = viewport_v / (image_height as f32);
+        let viewport_top_left_pixel =
+            center - focal_distance * w - viewport_u / 2.0 - viewport_v / 2.0;
+            // center - focal_length * w - viewport_u / 2.0 - viewport_v / 2.0;
+        // padding 0.5* delta u/v
+        let viewport_top_left_pixel_center =
+            viewport_top_left_pixel - viewport_u_delta / 2.0 - viewport_v_delta / 2.0;
+
+
+        // Calculate the camera defocus disk basis vectors.
+        let defocus_radius = focal_distance * degrees_to_radians(defocus_angle / 2.0).tan();
+        let defocus_disk_u = u * defocus_radius;
+        let defocus_disk_v = v * defocus_radius;
+
+        Camera {
+            image_width,
+            image_height,
+            // aspect_ratio,
+            // viewport_width,
+            // viewport_height,
+            center,
+            // look_at,
+            // v_up,
+            // focal_length,
+            // viewport_u,
+            // viewport_v,
+            defocus_angle,
+            defocus_disk_u,
+            defocus_disk_v,
+
+            viewport_u_delta,
+            viewport_v_delta,
+            viewport_top_left_pixel_center,
+            sample_times,
+            reflect_depth,
+            ppm_file_writer
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn render(&mut self, world: &HittableList) {
+        // let mut img_content = format!("P3\n{} {}\n255\n", self.image_width, self.image_height);
+        let start = Instant::now();
+        
+        
+        
+        
+        for j in 0..self.image_height {
+            // if j % 10 == 0 {
+                println!("scan line {}/{} ", j + 1, self.image_height);
+            // }
+
+            for i in 0..self.image_width {
+                
+                let sample_color: Vec3 = (0..self.sample_times)
+                    .into_par_iter()
+                    .map(|_| {
+                        let r = self.get_ray(i, j);
+                        return self.ray_color_sync(&r, self.reflect_depth, RwLock::new(world));
+                    }).sum();
+                let color: Vec3 = sample_color * (1.0 / self.sample_times as f32);
+
+
+                // // color
+                // let mut color = Color::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+                // for _ in 0..self.sample_times {
+                //     let r = self.get_ray(i, j);
+                //     let sample_color = self.ray_color(&r, self.reflect_depth, world);
+                //     color = color + sample_color;
+                // }
+                // // color * each sample color
+                // color = color * (1.0 / self.sample_times as f32);
+
+                // clamp color rgb
+                let color_clamped = Color::new(
+                    clamp(color.x, 0.0, 1.0),
+                    clamp(color.y, 0.0, 1.0),
+                    clamp(color.z, 0.0, 1.0),
+                );
+
+                let _ = self.ppm_file_writer.write(color_clamped.to_color());
+            }
+        }
+
+        let  _ = self.ppm_file_writer.finish();
+        let end = Instant::now();
+        println!("================[{}mils]=====================", end.duration_since(start).as_millis())
+        // img_content
+    }
+
+    fn defocus_disk_sample(&self) -> Point {
+        // Returns a random point in the camera defocus disk.
+        let p = random_in_unit_disk();
+        return self.center + (p.x * self.defocus_disk_u) + (p.y * self.defocus_disk_v);
+    }
+
+    fn get_ray(&self, i: i32, j: i32) -> Ray {
+        let rng = &mut rng();
+        let bias = self.random_square(rng);
+        let pix_sample = self.viewport_top_left_pixel_center
+            + (i as f32 + bias.x) * self.viewport_u_delta
+            + (j as f32 + bias.y) * self.viewport_v_delta;
+        let center = if self.defocus_angle < 0. {
+            self.center
+        } else {
+            self.defocus_disk_sample()
+        };
+        Ray::new(center, pix_sample - self.center)
+    }
+
+    fn ray_color(&self, ray: &Ray, depth: i8, world: &HittableList) -> Vec3 {
+
+        // 反射次数
+        if depth <= 0 {
+            return Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+        }
+
+        // 限制出射光线的角度（0.001经验值）
+        let hit_record = &mut HitRecord{
+            t: 0.0,
+            p: Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+            normal: Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+            front_face: false,
+            material: None,
+        };
+        let hit = world.hit(&ray, 0.001, f32::MAX, hit_record);
+        if hit {
+            let hit_m = &hit_record.material;
+            let hc = &mut HitRecord{
+                t: hit_record.t,
+                p: hit_record.p,
+                normal: hit_record.normal,
+                front_face: hit_record.front_face,
+                material: None,
+            };
+            let hit_c = match hit_m {
+                Some(mk) => {
+                    match mk {
+                        // MaterialKind::Lambertian(l) => l.albedo,
+                        MaterialKind::Lambertian(l) => self.scatter_color(ray, hc, l, depth, world),
+                        MaterialKind::Metal(m) => self.scatter_color(ray, hc, m, depth, world),
+                        MaterialKind::Dielectric(d) => self.scatter_color(ray, hc, d, depth, world)
+                    }
+                },
+                None => {
+                    if hit_record.t >= 0.0 {
+                        let diffuse_vec = Vec3::random_unit();
+                        let lambertian_vec = diffuse_vec + hit_record.normal;
+                        0.5 * self.ray_color(&Ray::new(ray.point, lambertian_vec), depth - 1, world)
+                    } else {
+                        Color::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+            return hit_c;
+        }
+
+        // v / |v|
+        let unit_direction = ray.direction / ray.direction.length();
+        let a = 0.5 * (unit_direction.y + 1.0);
+        // return background color.
+        (1.0 - a) * Color::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0) + a * Color::new(0.5, 0.7, 1.0)
+    }
+
+
+    fn ray_color_sync(&self, ray: &Ray, depth: i8, world: RwLock<&HittableList>) -> Vec3 {
+
+        // 反射次数
+        if depth <= 0 {
+            return Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+        }
+
+        // 限制出射光线的角度（0.001经验值）
+        let hit_record = &mut HitRecord{
+            t: 0.0,
+            p: Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+            normal: Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+            front_face: false,
+            material: None,
+        };
+        let hit = world.read().unwrap().hit(&ray, 0.001, f32::MAX, hit_record);
+        if hit {
+            let hit_m = &hit_record.material;
+            let hc = &mut HitRecord{
+                t: hit_record.t,
+                p: hit_record.p,
+                normal: hit_record.normal,
+                front_face: hit_record.front_face,
+                material: None,
+            };
+            let hit_c = match hit_m {
+                Some(mk) => {
+                    match mk {
+                        // MaterialKind::Lambertian(l) => l.albedo,
+                        MaterialKind::Lambertian(l) => self.scatter_color_sync(ray, hc, l, depth, world),
+                        MaterialKind::Metal(m) => self.scatter_color_sync(ray, hc, m, depth, world),
+                        MaterialKind::Dielectric(d) => self.scatter_color_sync(ray, hc, d, depth, world)
+                    }
+                },
+                None => {
+                    if hit_record.t >= 0.0 {
+                        let diffuse_vec = Vec3::random_unit();
+                        let lambertian_vec = diffuse_vec + hit_record.normal;
+                        0.5 * self.ray_color_sync(&Ray::new(ray.point, lambertian_vec), depth - 1, world)
+                    } else {
+                        Color::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+            return hit_c;
+        }
+
+        // v / |v|
+        let unit_direction = ray.direction / ray.direction.length();
+        let a = 0.5 * (unit_direction.y + 1.0);
+        // return background color.
+        (1.0 - a) * Color::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0) + a * Color::new(0.5, 0.7, 1.0)
+    }
+
+    // -> [x, y, 0]
+    fn random_square(&self, rng: &mut ThreadRng) -> Vec3 {
+        Vec3::new(rng.random_range(-0.5..0.1), rng.random_range(-0.5..0.1), 0.0)
+    }
+
+
+    fn scatter_color(
+        &self,
+        ray: &Ray,
+        hc: &mut HitRecord,
+        material: &impl Material,
+        depth: i8,
+        world: &HittableList,
+    ) -> Color {
+        let mut scatted = Ray::new(Point::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), Vec3::random());
+        let mut attenuation = Color::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
+        if material.scatter(ray, hc, &mut attenuation, &mut scatted) {
+            let r_c = self.ray_color(&scatted, depth - 1, world);
+            let sc_color = Vec3::new(
+                attenuation.x * r_c.x,
+                attenuation.y * r_c.y,
+                attenuation.z * r_c.z,
+            );
+            let color = Color::new(sc_color.x, sc_color.y, sc_color.z);
+            // if near_zero(color) {
+            //     println!("near zero: {:?}", scatted.direction);
+            // }
+            color
+        } else {
+            Color::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+        }
+    }
+    
+    fn scatter_color_sync(
+        &self,
+        ray: &Ray,
+        hc: &mut HitRecord,
+        material: &impl Material,
+        depth: i8,
+        world: RwLock<&HittableList>,
+    ) -> Color {
+        let mut scatted = Ray::new(Point::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), Vec3::random());
+        let mut attenuation = Color::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
+        if material.scatter(ray, hc, &mut attenuation, &mut scatted) {
+            let r_c = self.ray_color_sync(&scatted, depth - 1, world);
+            let sc_color = Vec3::new(
+                attenuation.x * r_c.x,
+                attenuation.y * r_c.y,
+                attenuation.z * r_c.z,
+            );
+            let color = Color::new(sc_color.x, sc_color.y, sc_color.z);
+            // if near_zero(color) {
+            //     println!("near zero: {:?}", scatted.direction);
+            // }
+            color
+        } else {
+            Color::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+
+

src/color.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+use crate::types_defined::Color;
+
+impl Color {
+    pub fn to_color(self) -> Self {
+        return Color::new(self.x * 256.0 , self.y * 256.0, self.z * 256.0);
+    }
+    pub fn to_color_str(self) -> String {
+        return format!("{} {} {}\n", (self.x * 256.0) as u8, (self.y * 256.0) as u8, (self.z * 256.0) as u8);
+    }
+}

src/hittable.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+use crate::material::MaterialKind;
+use crate::math_utils::{front_face_normal, is_front_face};
+use crate::types_defined::{HitRecord, Ray, Vec3};
+
+pub trait Hittable: Send + Sync {
+    fn hit(&self, r: &Ray, t_min: f32, t_max: f32, hit_record: &mut HitRecord) -> bool;
+}
+
+pub struct HittableList {
+    pub objects: Vec<Box<dyn Hittable>>,
+}
+
+impl HittableList {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        HittableList { objects: vec![] }
+    }
+
+    pub fn put(&mut self, object: Box<dyn Hittable>) {
+        let _ = &self.objects.push(object);
+    }
+
+    pub fn hit(&self, r: &Ray, t_min: f32, t_max: f32, hit_record: &mut HitRecord) -> bool {
+        let mut hits = false;
+        let mut closest_so_far = t_max;
+
+        let temp_hit_record = &mut HitRecord {
+            t: 0.0,
+            normal: Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+            p: Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+            front_face: false,
+            material: None,
+        };
+
+        for object in &self.objects {
+            let hit = object.hit(r, t_min, closest_so_far, temp_hit_record);
+            if hit && temp_hit_record.t < closest_so_far {
+                hits = true;
+                closest_so_far = temp_hit_record.t;
+                hit_record.t = temp_hit_record.t;
+                hit_record.p = temp_hit_record.p;
+                hit_record.front_face = is_front_face(r, temp_hit_record.normal);
+                hit_record.normal = front_face_normal(r, temp_hit_record.normal);
+                hit_record.material = if let Some(ref m) = temp_hit_record.material {
+                    match m {
+                        MaterialKind::Lambertian(l) => Some(MaterialKind::Lambertian(l.clone())),
+                        MaterialKind::Metal(m) => Some(MaterialKind::Metal(m.clone())),
+                        MaterialKind::Dielectric(d) => Some(MaterialKind::Dielectric(d.clone()))
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    None
+                };
+            }
+        }
+
+        hits
+    }
+}

src/image.rs

@@ -1,227 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{point::Point, ray::Ray, vec3::{self, Vec3}};
-
-
-pub type Color = vec3::Vec3;
-
-
-impl Color {
-    pub fn to_color(self) -> String {
-        return format!("{} {} {}\n", (self.x * 256.0) as u8, (self.y * 256.0) as u8, (self.z * 256.0) as u8);
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn gen_ray_sphere_normal_ppm_p3(width: i32, height: i32, camera_center: Vec3, viewport_top_left_pixel_center: Vec3, viewport_u_delta: Vec3, viewport_v_delta: Vec3) -> String {
-    let mut img_content = format!("P3\n{} {}\n255\n", width, height);
-
-    for j in 0..height {
-       
-        if j % 10 == 0 {
-            println!("scan line {}/{} ", j + 1, height);
-        }
-
-        for i in 0..width {
-            // every pixcel's position
-            let pixel_center = viewport_top_left_pixel_center + (i as f32 * viewport_u_delta) + (j as f32 * viewport_v_delta);
-            // Vector(camera, pixcel)
-            let ray_direction = pixel_center - camera_center;
-            // ray
-            let r = Ray::new(camera_center,  ray_direction);
-
-            /*
-             球
-             */
-            let _sphere_center = Point::new(0.0, 0.0, -1.0);
-            let sphere_radius = 0.5;
-
-            // determind color
-            let color = ray_color_at_sphere_normal(&r, _sphere_center, sphere_radius);
-            // content
-            img_content.push_str(color.to_color().as_str());
-            img_content.push('\n');
-        }
-    }
-
-    img_content
-}
-
-
-pub fn gen_ray_sphere_ppm_p3(width: i32, height: i32, camera_center: Vec3, viewport_top_left_pixel_center: Vec3, viewport_u_delta: Vec3, viewport_v_delta: Vec3) -> String {
-    let mut img_content = format!("P3\n{} {}\n255\n", width, height);
-
-    for j in 0..height {
-       
-        if j % 10 == 0 {
-            println!("scan line {}/{} ", j + 1, height);
-        }
-
-        for i in 0..width {
-            // every pixcel's position
-            let pixel_center = viewport_top_left_pixel_center + (i as f32 * viewport_u_delta) + (j as f32 * viewport_v_delta);
-            // Vector(camera, pixcel)
-            let ray_direction = pixel_center - camera_center;
-            // ray
-            let r = Ray::new(camera_center,  ray_direction);
-
-            /*
-             球
-             */
-            let _sphere_center = Point::new(0.0, 0.0, -1.0);
-            let sphere_radius = 0.5;
-
-            // determind color
-            let color = ray_color_at_sphere(&r, _sphere_center, sphere_radius);
-            // content
-            img_content.push_str(color.to_color().as_str());
-            img_content.push('\n');
-        }
-    }
-
-    img_content
-}
-
-
-pub fn gen_ray_ppm_p3(width: i32, height: i32, camera_center: Vec3, viewport_top_left_pixel_center: Vec3, viewport_u_delta: Vec3, viewport_v_delta: Vec3) -> String {
-    let mut img_content = format!("P3\n{} {}\n255\n", width, height);
-
-    for j in 0..height {
-       
-        if j % 10 == 0 {
-            println!("scan line {}/{} ", j + 1, height);
-        }
-
-        for i in 0..width {
-            // every pixcel's position
-            let pixel_center = viewport_top_left_pixel_center + (i as f32 * viewport_u_delta) + (j as f32 * viewport_v_delta);
-            // Vector(camera, pixcel)
-            let ray_direction = pixel_center - camera_center;
-            // ray
-            let r = Ray::new(camera_center,  ray_direction);
-            // determind color
-            let color = ray_color(&r);
-            // content
-            img_content.push_str(color.to_color().as_str());
-            img_content.push('\n');
-        }
-    }
-
-    img_content
-}
-
-
-/*
-b^ - 4ac > 0 : 2 交点； = 0：1交点；< 0 : 无交点
-*/
-fn hit_sphere(r: &Ray, sphere_center: Point, sphere_radius: f32) -> bool {
-    let a = r.direction.dot(r.direction);
-    let b_sqrt = (-2.0 * (r.direction.dot(sphere_center - r.point))).powi(2);
-    let c = (sphere_center - r.point).dot(sphere_center - r.point) - sphere_radius.powi(2);
-
-    return b_sqrt - 4.0 * a * c >= 0.0;
-}
-
-
-fn hit_sphere_normal(r: &Ray, sphere_center: Point, sphere_radius: f32) -> f32 {
-    let a: f32 = r.direction.length_squared();
-    let h = r.direction.dot(sphere_center - r.point);
-    // let b = -2.0 * r.direction.dot(sphere_center - r.point);
-    let c = (sphere_center - r.point).length_squared() - sphere_radius * sphere_radius;
-
-    let discriminant = h*h - a*c;
-
-    // // 两个焦点
-    let disc_sqrt = discriminant.sqrt();
-    let near = (h - disc_sqrt) / a;
-    let far = (h + disc_sqrt) / a;
-
-    // 射线起点可能在球内的情况
-    if near >= 0.0 && far >= 0.0 {
-        return near.min(far);
-    } else if near > 0.0 {
-        return near;
-    } else if far > 0.0 {
-        return far;
-    } else {
-        return -1.0
-    }
-}
-
-/*
-ray color functions
-*/
-fn ray_color_at_sphere_normal(r: &Ray, sphere_center: Point, sphere_radius: f32) -> Color {
-
-    let t = hit_sphere_normal(r, sphere_center, sphere_radius);
-    if t >= 0.0 {
-        let inter_point = r.at(t);
-        // 单位向量
-        let n = inter_point / inter_point.dot(inter_point);
-        // 法向量也是 -1～1  +1再x0.5让他落到颜色的区间
-        return 0.5 * (n - sphere_center + Point::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0))
-    }
-
-    // v / |v|
-    let unit_direction = r.direction / r.direction.length();
-    let a = 0.5*(unit_direction.y + 1.0);
-    return (1.0-a)*Color::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0) + a*Color::new(0.5, 0.7, 1.0);
-}
-
-fn ray_color_at_sphere(r: &Ray, sphere_center: Point, sphere_radius: f32) -> Color {
-
-    // return RED if hit sphere
-    if hit_sphere(r, sphere_center, sphere_radius) {
-        return Color::new(0.4, 0.4, 0.2);
-    }
-
-    // v / |v|
-    let unit_direction = r.direction / r.direction.length();
-    let a = 0.5*(unit_direction.y + 1.0);
-    return (1.0-a)*Color::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0) + a*Color::new(0.5, 0.7, 1.0);
-}
-
-fn ray_color(r: &Ray) -> Color {
-    // v / |v|
-    let unit_direction = r.direction / r.direction.length();
-    let a = 0.5*(unit_direction.y + 1.0);
-    return (1.0-a)*Color::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0) + a*Color::new(0.5, 0.7, 1.0);
-}
-
-
-/*
-* -------width(i)-------
-* |
-* |
-* height(j)
-* |
-* |
-* ----------------------
-* 
-* ppm p3 format:
-* 
-* P3
-* 
-* [width] [height]
-* [max color]
-* R1 G1 B1
-* R2 G2 B2
-* R3 G3 B3
-* ...xN
-*/
-pub fn gen_gradient_ppm_p3(width: i32, height: i32) -> String {
-    let mut img_content = format!("P3\n{} {}\n255\n", width, height);
-
-    for j in 0..height {
-        println!("scan line {}/{} ", j + 1, height);
-        for i in 0..width {
-            let r = i as f32 / (width-1) as f32;
-            let g = j as f32 / (height-1) as f32;
-            let b = (i+j) as f32 / (width + height - 2) as f32;
-
-            let color = Color::new(r, g, b);
-            img_content.push_str(color.to_color().as_str());
-
-            img_content.push('\n');
-        }
-    }
-
-    img_content
-}

src/main.rs

@@ -1,153 +1,133 @@
-use write_file_util::{write_image};
-use image::{gen_gradient_ppm_p3, gen_ray_ppm_p3, Color};
-use vec3::{Vec3};
-use point::{Point};
-use ray::{Ray};
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::BufWriter;
 
-use crate::image::{gen_ray_sphere_normal_ppm_p3, gen_ray_sphere_ppm_p3};
+use rand::{rng, Rng};
 
-mod image;
-mod write_file_util;
-mod vec3;
-mod point;
+use crate::hittable::HittableList;
+use crate::material::{Dielectric, Lambertian, MaterialKind, Metal};
+use crate::ppm_writer::PPMWriter;
+use crate::triangle::Triangle;
+use crate::types_defined::{Camera, Color, Point, Sphere, Vec3};
+mod camera;
+mod color;
+mod hittable;
 mod ray;
+mod sphere;
+mod types_defined;
+mod vec3;
+mod math_utils;
+mod ppm_writer;
+mod material;
+mod triangle;
 
 fn main() {
-    gen_gradient_ppm();
-    println!("==================================");
-    ray_scene_render();
-    println!("==================================");
-    ray_sphere_scene_render();
-    println!("==================================");
-    ray_sphere_normal_scene_render();
-    println!("==================================");
+    camera_render();
+}
+
+fn camera_render() {
+
+    let fov: f32 = 90.;
+    let scale = 1;
+    let width: i32 = 1920/scale;
+    let height: i32 = 1080/scale;
+    let sample_times = 20;
+    let reflect_depth = 20;
+
+
+    let pw_r = PPMWriter::new(
+        BufWriter::new(File::create("./target/ray_sphere_normal_scene_render.ppm").unwrap()), 
+        width, height);
+    if let Err(e) = pw_r {
+        println!("创建文件报错：{}", e);
+        return;
+    }
+    let pw = &mut pw_r.unwrap();
+    
+
+    let mut camera: Camera = Camera::new(
+        fov,
+        width,
+        width as f32 / height as f32,
+        Point::new(-0.0, 5.0, 5.0),
+        Point::new(0.0, 0.0, -1.0),
+        Vec3::new(0., 1., 0.),
+        sample_times,
+        reflect_depth,
+        2.0,
+        1.0,
+        pw
+    );
+    // world
+    // world objects(spheres)
+    let mut world = HittableList::new();
+
+    let plane_m = Some(MaterialKind::Lambertian(Lambertian{albedo: Color::new(0.508, 0.508, 0.508)}));
+    // // let plane2_m = Some(MaterialKind::Metal(Metal{albedo: Color::new(0.784,0.784,0.784)}));
+    // let center_m = Some(MaterialKind::Lambertian(Lambertian{albedo: Color::new(0.2, 0.5, 0.5)}));
+    // let left_m = Some(MaterialKind::Metal(Metal{albedo: Color::new(0.799, 0.599, 0.799), fuzz: 0.0005}));
+    // let left_behind_m = Some(MaterialKind::Lambertian(Lambertian{albedo: Color::new(0.799, 0.599, 0.599)}));
+    // let right_m = Some(MaterialKind::Metal(Metal{albedo: Color::new(0.8, 0.6, 0.2), fuzz: 0.003}));
+    // // 折射率 1.33
+    // let left_dia_m = Some(MaterialKind::Dielectric(Dielectric{albedo: Color::new(0.8, 0.6, 0.2), refraction_index: 1.00 / 1.33}));
+    // let left_dia_small_m = Some(MaterialKind::Dielectric(Dielectric{albedo: Color::new(0.8, 0.6, 0.2), refraction_index: 1.00 / 2.5}));
+
+    // world.put(Box::new(Sphere::new(Point::new(0.0,    0.0, -1.0), 0.5, center_m)));
+    // world.put(Box::new(Sphere::new(Point::new(-1.0,    0.0, -1.0), 0.5, left_dia_m)));
+    // world.put(Box::new(Sphere::new(Point::new(-1.0,    0.0, -1.0), 0.2, left_dia_small_m)));
+    // // world.put(Box::new(Sphere::new(Point::new(-1.0,    0.0, -1.0), 0.5, left_m)));
+    // world.put(Box::new(Sphere::new(Point::new(-3.5,    1.5, -5.5), 1.5, left_behind_m)));
+    // world.put(Box::new(Sphere::new(Point::new(1.0,    0.0, -1.0), 0.5, right_m)));
+    world.put(Box::new(Sphere::new(Point::new(0.0, -500.5, -1.0), 500.0, plane_m)));
+
+    // world.put(Box::new(Triangle::new(
+    //     Point::new(0.0, 0.5, 0.0),
+    //     Point::new(5.5, 0.5, 0.0),
+    //     Point::new(5.5, 5.5, 0.0),
+    //     Some(MaterialKind::Metal(Metal { albedo: Color::new(0.8, 0.6, 0.2), fuzz: 0.00001 }))
+    // )));
+    world.put(Box::new(Triangle::new(
+        Point::new(0.0, 0.5, 5.0),
+        Point::new(0.0, 5.5, -5.0),
+        Point::new(5.5, 0.5, 0.0),
+        Some(MaterialKind::Dielectric(Dielectric { albedo: Color::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0), refraction_index: 1./1.5 }))
+    )));
+
+    gen_spheres(&mut world);
+
+    camera.render(&world);
 }
 
 
-fn ray_sphere_normal_scene_render() {
-    let aspect_ratio = 16.0/9.0;
-    let image_width = 400;
-    // aleast 1px
-    let image_height = ((image_width as f32 / aspect_ratio) as i32).max(1);
+fn gen_spheres(world: &mut HittableList) {
+    let rng = &mut rng();
 
-    let viewport_height = 2.0;
-    let viewport_width = viewport_height * (image_width as f32 / image_height as f32);
+    for _ in 0..500 {
+        let x = rng.random_range(-20..20);
+        let z = rng.random_range(-20..20);
 
-    println!("set image({},{}), viewport({},{})", image_width, image_height, viewport_width, viewport_height);
-    let viewport_u = Vec3::new(viewport_width, 0.0, 0.0);
-    // image x--> right
-    //       |
-    //       y
-    // space: y up , x right , z back, -z front
-    let viewport_v = Vec3::new(0.0, -viewport_height, 0.0);
+        let radius = rng.random_range(0.01..0.8);
 
-    // width per pix
-    let viewport_u_delta = viewport_u / (image_width as f32);
-    // height per pix
-    let viewport_v_delta = viewport_v / (image_height as f32);
+        // R = random(0.7, 0.95)  # 红通道
+        // G = random(R - 0.2, R + 0.2)  # 绿通道（与 R 相近）
+        // B = random(min(R, G) - 0.15, max(R, G) + 0.15)  # 蓝通道（与 R/G 相近）
+        // 基础值在 0.7~0.95 之间
+        let base:f32 = rng.random_range(0.7..0.95);
+        // 每个通道在 base 附近小幅波动（±0.15）
+        let r: f32 = rng.random_range((base - 0.15).max(0.6)..(base + 0.15).min(1.0));
+        let g: f32 = rng.random_range((base - 0.15).max(0.6)..(base + 0.15).min(1.0));
+        let b: f32 = rng.random_range((base - 0.15).max(0.6)..(base + 0.15).min(1.0));
 
-    // camerea position
-    let camera_center = Point::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-    // -z  1.0  viewport to camera
-    let focal_length = Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, -1.0);
-    // camera position --> viewport center ---> top center --> top left
-    let viewport_top_left_pixel = camera_center + focal_length - viewport_u / 2.0 - viewport_v / 2.0;
-    // padding 0.5* delta u/v
-    let viewport_top_left_pixel_center = viewport_top_left_pixel - viewport_u_delta / 2.0 - viewport_v_delta / 2.0;
+        let materail_color = Color::new(r,g, b);
 
-    let ppm_content = gen_ray_sphere_normal_ppm_p3(image_width, image_height, camera_center, viewport_top_left_pixel_center, viewport_u_delta, viewport_v_delta);
+        let materail_kind =  rng.random_range(0.0..1.0);
+        let material = if materail_kind <= 0.33333 {
+            MaterialKind::Lambertian(Lambertian { albedo: materail_color })
+        } else if materail_kind > 0.3 && materail_kind <= 0.66666 {
+            MaterialKind::Metal(Metal { albedo: materail_color, fuzz: 0.00001 })
+        } else {
+            MaterialKind::Dielectric(Dielectric { albedo: materail_color, refraction_index: 1./1.5 })
+        };
 
-    write_image(ppm_content, "./target/ray_sphere_normal_scene_render.ppm".to_string())
-}
-
-fn ray_sphere_scene_render() {
-    let aspect_ratio = 16.0/9.0;
-    let image_width = 400;
-    // aleast 1px
-    let image_height = ((image_width as f32 / aspect_ratio) as i32).max(1);
-
-    let viewport_height = 2.0;
-    let viewport_width = viewport_height * (image_width as f32 / image_height as f32);
-
-    println!("set image({},{}), viewport({},{})", image_width, image_height, viewport_width, viewport_height);
-    let viewport_u = Vec3::new(viewport_width, 0.0, 0.0);
-    // image x--> right
-    //       |
-    //       y
-    // space: y up , x right , z back, -z front
-    let viewport_v = Vec3::new(0.0, -viewport_height, 0.0);
-
-    // width per pix
-    let viewport_u_delta = viewport_u / (image_width as f32);
-    // height per pix
-    let viewport_v_delta = viewport_v / (image_height as f32);
-
-    // camerea position
-    let camera_center = Point::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-    // -z  1.0  viewport to camera
-    let focal_length = Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, -1.0);
-    // camera position --> viewport center ---> top center --> top left
-    let viewport_top_left_pixel = camera_center + focal_length - viewport_u / 2.0 - viewport_v / 2.0;
-    // padding 0.5* delta u/v
-    let viewport_top_left_pixel_center = viewport_top_left_pixel - viewport_u_delta / 2.0 - viewport_v_delta / 2.0;
-
-    let ppm_content = gen_ray_sphere_ppm_p3(image_width, image_height, camera_center, viewport_top_left_pixel_center, viewport_u_delta, viewport_v_delta);
-
-    write_image(ppm_content, "./target/ray_sphere_scene_render.ppm".to_string())
-}
-
-
-fn ray_scene_render() {
-    let aspect_ratio = 16.0/9.0;
-    let image_width = 400;
-    // aleast 1px
-    let image_height = ((image_width as f32 / aspect_ratio) as i32).max(1);
-
-    let viewport_height = 2.0;
-    let viewport_width = viewport_height * (image_width as f32 / image_height as f32);
-
-    println!("set image({},{}), viewport({},{})", image_width, image_height, viewport_width, viewport_height);
-    let viewport_u = Vec3::new(viewport_width, 0.0, 0.0);
-    // image x--> right
-    //       |
-    //       y
-    // space: y up , x right , z back, -z front
-    let viewport_v = Vec3::new(0.0, -viewport_height, 0.0);
-
-    // width per pix
-    let viewport_u_delta = viewport_u / (image_width as f32);
-    // height per pix
-    let viewport_v_delta = viewport_v / (image_height as f32);
-
-    // camerea position
-    let camera_center = Point::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-    // -z  1.0  viewport to camera
-    let focal_length = Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, -1.0);
-    // camera position --> viewport center ---> top center --> top left
-    let viewport_top_left_pixel = camera_center + focal_length - viewport_u / 2.0 - viewport_v / 2.0;
-    // padding 0.5* delta u/v
-    let viewport_top_left_pixel_center = viewport_top_left_pixel - viewport_u_delta / 2.0 - viewport_v_delta / 2.0;
-
-    let ppm_content = gen_ray_ppm_p3(image_width, image_height, camera_center, viewport_top_left_pixel_center, viewport_u_delta, viewport_v_delta);
-
-    write_image(ppm_content, "./target/ray_scene_render.ppm".to_string())
-}
-
-
-fn gen_gradient_ppm() {
-    let ppm_content = gen_gradient_ppm_p3(400, 225);
-
-    let v1 = Vec3::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
-    let v2 = Vec3::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
-
-    println!("v: {:#} + {:#} => {:#}", v1, v2, v1 + v2);
-    println!("v: {:#} + {:#} => {:#}", v1, v2, v1 - v2);
-    println!("v: {:#} + {:#} => {:#}", v1, v2, v1.dot(v2));
-    println!("v: {:#} + {:#} => {:#}", v1, v2, v1.cross(v2));
-    println!("color: {:#}", Color::new(0.3, 0.4, 1.0).to_color());
-    println!("point: {:#}", Point::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0));
-    let ray = Ray::new(Point::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0), Vec3 { x: 0.0, y: 1.0, z: 0.0 });
-    println!("Ray: {:#} => {:#}", ray, ray.at(2.0));
-
-    write_image(ppm_content, "./target/gen_gradient_ppm.ppm".to_string())
+        world.put(Box::new(Sphere::new(Point::new(x as f32, 0., z as f32), radius, Some(material))));
+    }
 }

src/material.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+use crate::math_utils::{near_zero, reflect, refract};
+use crate::types_defined::{Color, HitRecord, Ray, Vec3};
+
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum MaterialKind {
+    Lambertian(Lambertian),
+    Metal(Metal),
+    Dielectric (Dielectric),
+}
+
+pub trait Material {
+    fn scatter(&self, r_in: &Ray, hit_record: &mut HitRecord, attenuation: &mut Color, ray: &mut Ray) -> bool;
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Lambertian {
+    pub albedo: Color,
+}
+
+impl Clone for Lambertian {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Lambertian {
+            albedo: self.albedo,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Material for Lambertian {
+    fn scatter(&self, r_in: &Ray, hit_record: &mut HitRecord, attenuation: &mut Color, scattered: &mut Ray) -> bool {
+
+        let mut scatter_direction = r_in.direction + Vec3::random_unit_on_hemisphere(hit_record.normal);
+
+        if near_zero(scatter_direction) {
+            scatter_direction = hit_record.normal;
+        }
+            
+
+        *scattered = Ray::new(hit_record.p, scatter_direction);
+        *attenuation = self.albedo.clone();
+
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Metal {
+    pub albedo: Color,
+    pub fuzz: f32
+}
+
+impl Clone for Metal {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Metal {
+            albedo: self.albedo,
+            fuzz: self.fuzz
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Material for Metal {
+    fn scatter(&self, r_in: &Ray, hit_record: &mut HitRecord, attenuation: &mut Color, scattered: &mut Ray) -> bool {
+        let reflected = reflect(r_in.direction, hit_record.normal);
+        let fuzz_relected = (reflected / reflected.length_squared()) + (Vec3::random_unit() * self.fuzz);
+        *scattered = Ray::new(hit_record.p, fuzz_relected);
+        *attenuation = self.albedo.clone();
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+impl Clone for Dielectric {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Dielectric {
+            albedo: self.albedo,
+            refraction_index: self.refraction_index
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Dielectric {
+    pub albedo: Color,
+    pub refraction_index: f32
+}
+
+impl Material for Dielectric {
+    fn scatter(&self, r_in: &Ray, hit_record: &mut HitRecord, attenuation: &mut Color, scattered: &mut Ray) -> bool {
+
+        *attenuation = Color::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
+
+        let unit_direction = r_in.direction.normalize();
+
+
+        let cos = -unit_direction.dot(hit_record.normal).min(1.0);
+        let sin = (1.0 - cos.powi(2)).sqrt();
+
+        let direction = if self.refraction_index * sin > 1.0 {
+            reflect(unit_direction, hit_record.normal)
+        } else {
+            refract(unit_direction, hit_record.normal, self.refraction_index)
+        };
+
+
+        // let refracted  = refract(unit_direction, hit_record.normal, ri);
+        *scattered = Ray::new(hit_record.p, direction);
+
+        true
+    }
+}

src/math_utils.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+use std::f32::consts::PI;
+
+use rand::{rng, Rng};
+
+use crate::types_defined::{Ray, Vec3};
+
+pub fn random_in_unit_disk() -> Vec3 {
+    let rng = &mut rng();
+    loop {
+        let p = Vec3::new(rng.random_range(-1.0..1.0), rng.random_range(-1.0..1.0), 0.0);
+        if p.length_squared() < 1.0 {
+            return p;
+        }
+    } 
+}
+
+pub fn degrees_to_radians(deg: f32) -> f32 {
+    deg * PI / 180.
+}
+
+pub fn clamp(value: f32, low: f32, high: f32) -> f32 {
+    if value < low {
+        return low;
+    }
+    if value > high {
+        return high;
+    }
+    return value;
+}
+
+pub fn near_zero(v: Vec3) -> bool {
+    const EPSILON: f32 = 1e-4;
+
+    v.x.abs() < EPSILON && v.y.abs() < EPSILON && v.z.abs() < EPSILON
+}
+
+pub fn reflect(v: Vec3, n: Vec3) -> Vec3 {
+    v - ((2.0 * v.dot(n)) * n)
+}
+
+// v, normal, 折射率
+pub fn refract(uv: Vec3, n: Vec3, etai_over_etat: f32) -> Vec3 {
+    // auto cos_theta = std::fmin(dot(-uv, n), 1.0);
+    // vec3 r_out_perp =  etai_over_etat * (uv + cos_theta*n);
+    // vec3 r_out_parallel = -std::sqrt(std::fabs(1.0 - r_out_perp.length_squared())) * n;
+    // return r_out_perp + r_out_parallel;
+    let cos_theta = (-uv.dot(n)).min(1.0);
+    let r_out_perp = etai_over_etat * (uv + cos_theta * n);
+    let r_out_parallel = -(f32::sqrt(f32::abs(1.0 - r_out_perp.length()))) * n;
+    r_out_perp + r_out_parallel
+
+    // let v_normalized = v;
+    // let n_normalized = n.normalize();
+
+    // let cos_theta = f32::min(-v_normalized.dot(n_normalized), 1.0);
+    // let sin_theta = (1.0 - cos_theta * cos_theta).sqrt();
+    // // 检查是否全内反射（无法折射）
+    // if etai_over_etat * sin_theta > 1.0 {
+    //     return reflect(v_normalized, n)
+    // }
+
+    // let r_out_perp = etai_over_etat * (v_normalized + cos_theta * n_normalized);
+    // let discriminant = 1.0 - r_out_perp.length_squared();
+    // // if discriminant < 0.0 {
+    // //     return -1.0 * v; // 全内反射，返回零向量（或改为反射）
+    // // }
+    // let r_out_parallel = -discriminant * n_normalized;
+    
+    // r_out_perp + r_out_parallel
+}
+
+pub fn is_front_face(r: &Ray, outward_normal: Vec3) -> bool {
+    r.direction.dot(outward_normal) < 0.0
+}
+
+pub fn front_face_normal(r: &Ray, outward_normal: Vec3) -> Vec3 {
+    if is_front_face(r, outward_normal) {
+        outward_normal
+    } else {
+        -1. * outward_normal
+    }
+}

src/point.rs

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-use crate::vec3;
-
-pub type Point = vec3::Vec3;
-

src/ppm_writer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+use std::io::{BufWriter, Write, Result};
+
+use crate::types_defined::Color;
+
+pub struct PPMWriter<W: Write> {
+    writter: BufWriter<W>
+}
+
+impl<W: Write> PPMWriter<W> {
+    /// 创建新的 PPM 写入器
+    /// 
+    /// 参数:
+    ///   writer: 实现 Write 的目标
+    ///   width: 图像宽度
+    ///   height: 图像高度
+    pub fn new(mut inner: W, width: i32, height: i32) -> Result<Self> {
+        // 写入 PPM 头 (P6 二进制格式)
+        let header = format!("P6\n{} {}\n255\n", width, height);
+        inner.write_all(header.as_bytes())?;
+        
+        Ok(PPMWriter { writter: BufWriter::new(inner) })
+    }
+
+    /// 写入单个像素 (高性能实现)
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn write(&mut self, color: Color) -> Result<()> {
+        // 直接写入字节数组避免额外内存分配
+        let bytes = [color.x as u8, color.y as u8, color.z as u8];
+        self.writter.write_all(&bytes)
+    }
+
+    /// 完成写入并刷新缓冲区
+    pub fn finish(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.writter.flush()
+    }
+}

src/ray.rs

@@ -1,17 +1,6 @@
 use std::fmt;
 use std::fmt::{Display};
-
-use crate::{point::Point, vec3::Vec3};
-
-
-/*
-fn: P(t) = t*b
-*/
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct Ray {
-    pub point: Point,
-    pub direction: Vec3
-}
+use crate::types_defined::{Point, Ray, Vec3};
 
 impl Ray {
     pub fn new(p: Point, direction: Vec3) -> Ray {

src/sphere.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+use crate::hittable;
+use crate::material::{MaterialKind};
+use crate::math_utils::{front_face_normal, is_front_face};
+use crate::types_defined::{HitRecord, Point, Ray, Sphere};
+
+impl Sphere {
+    pub fn new(c: Point, r: f32, m: Option<MaterialKind>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            center: c,
+            radius: r,
+            material: m,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl hittable::Hittable for Sphere {
+    fn hit(&self, r: &Ray, t_min: f32, t_max: f32, hit_record: &mut HitRecord) -> bool {
+        let a: f32 = r.direction.length_squared();
+        let h = r.direction.dot(self.center - r.point);
+        // let b = -2.0 * r.direction.dot(sphere_center - r.point);
+        let c = (self.center - r.point).length_squared() - self.radius * self.radius;
+
+        let discriminant = h * h - a * c;
+
+        if discriminant < 0.0 {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // // 两个交点
+        let disc_sqrt = discriminant.sqrt();
+        let near = (h - disc_sqrt) / a;
+        let far = (h + disc_sqrt) / a;
+
+        let mut root = near;
+        if root <= t_min || root >= t_max {
+            root = far;
+            if root <= t_min || root >= t_max {
+                hit_record.t = -1.0;
+                return false
+            }
+        }
+
+        let p = r.at(root);
+        let normal = (p - self.center) / self.radius;
+
+        hit_record.t = root;
+        hit_record.p = p;
+        hit_record.normal = front_face_normal(r, normal);
+        hit_record.front_face = is_front_face(r, normal);
+        hit_record.material = if let Some(ref m) = self.material {
+            match m {
+                MaterialKind::Lambertian(l) => Some(MaterialKind::Lambertian(l.clone())),
+                MaterialKind::Metal(m) => Some(MaterialKind::Metal(m.clone())),
+                MaterialKind::Dielectric(d) => Some(MaterialKind::Dielectric(d.clone())),
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        true
+    }
+}
+    

src/triangle.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+use crate::{hittable::Hittable, material::MaterialKind, math_utils::is_front_face, types_defined::{HitRecord, Point, Ray, Vec3}};
+
+pub struct Triangle {
+    pub points: Vec<Vec3>,
+    pub material: Option<MaterialKind>,
+}
+
+impl Triangle {
+    pub fn new(p1: Point, p2: Point, p3: Point, material: Option<MaterialKind>,) -> Self {
+        Triangle { 
+            points: vec![
+                p1, p2, p3
+            ],
+            material: material
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Hittable for Triangle {
+
+    fn hit(&self, r: &Ray, t_min: f32, t_max: f32, hit_record: &mut HitRecord) -> bool {
+        let p0 = self.points[0];
+        let p1 = self.points[1];
+        let p2 = self.points[2];
+        let u = Vec3 {
+            x: p1.x - p0.x,
+            y: p1.y - p0.y,
+            z: p1.z - p0.z,
+        };
+        let v = Vec3 {
+            x: p2.x - p0.x,
+            y: p2.y - p0.y,
+            z: p2.z - p0.z,
+        };
+        let normal = Vec3 {
+            x: u.y * v.z - u.z * v.y,
+            y: u.z * v.x - u.x * v.z,
+            z: u.x * v.y - u.y * v.x,
+        };
+        let denominator = r.direction.x * normal.x + r.direction.y * normal.y + r.direction.z * normal.z;
+        if denominator.abs() < std::f32::EPSILON {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let w0 = Vec3 {
+            x: r.point.x - p0.x,
+            y: r.point.y - p0.y,
+            z: r.point.z - p0.z,
+        };
+        let t = -(w0.x * normal.x + w0.y * normal.y + w0.z * normal.z) / denominator;
+        if t < t_min || t > t_max {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let P = Vec3 {
+            x: r.point.x + t * r.direction.x,
+            y: r.point.y + t * r.direction.y,
+            z: r.point.z + t * r.direction.z,
+        };
+        let w = Vec3 {
+            x: P.x - p0.x,
+            y: P.y - p0.y,
+            z: P.z - p0.z,
+        };
+        let uv_cross = Vec3 {
+            x: u.y * v.z - u.z * v.y,
+            y: u.z * v.x - u.x * v.z,
+            z: u.x * v.y - u.y * v.x,
+        };
+        let wv_cross = Vec3 {
+            x: w.y * v.z - w.z * v.y,
+            y: w.z * v.x - w.x * v.z,
+            z: w.x * v.y - w.y * v.x,
+        };
+        let uw_cross = Vec3 {
+            x: u.y * w.z - u.z * w.y,
+            y: u.z * w.x - u.x * w.z,
+            z: u.x * w.y - u.y * w.x,
+        };
+        let alpha = (wv_cross.x * normal.x + wv_cross.y * normal.y + wv_cross.z * normal.z) / (uv_cross.x * normal.x + uv_cross.y * normal.y + uv_cross.z * normal.z);
+        let beta = (uw_cross.x * normal.x + uw_cross.y * normal.y + uw_cross.z * normal.z) / (uv_cross.x * normal.x + uv_cross.y * normal.y + uv_cross.z * normal.z);
+        if alpha >= 0.0 && beta >= 0.0 && alpha + beta <= 1.0 {
+        
+            hit_record.p = P;
+            hit_record.t = t;
+            hit_record.normal = normal;
+            hit_record.front_face = is_front_face(r, normal);
+            hit_record.material = if let Some(ref m) = self.material {
+                match m {
+                    MaterialKind::Lambertian(l) => Some(MaterialKind::Lambertian(l.clone())),
+                    MaterialKind::Metal(m) => Some(MaterialKind::Metal(m.clone())),
+                    MaterialKind::Dielectric(d) => Some(MaterialKind::Dielectric(d.clone())),
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            };
+
+            return true;
+        }
+        false
+    }
+}

src/types_defined.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+use std::{fs::File, io::{BufWriter}};
+use crate::{material::MaterialKind};
+use crate::ppm_writer::PPMWriter;
+
+/*
+* [3]
+*/
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Vec3 {
+    pub x: f32,
+    pub y: f32,
+    pub z: f32,
+}
+pub type Point = Vec3;
+pub type Color = Vec3;
+
+/*
+fn: P(t) = t*b
+*/
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Ray {
+    pub point: Point,
+    pub direction: Vec3,
+}
+
+pub struct HitRecord {
+    pub t: f32,
+    pub p: Vec3,
+    pub normal: Vec3,
+    pub front_face: bool,
+    pub material: Option<MaterialKind>,
+}
+
+pub struct Camera<'a> {
+    pub image_width: i32,
+    pub image_height: i32,
+    // pub aspect_ratio: f32,
+    // pub viewport_width: f32,
+    // pub viewport_height: f32,
+    pub center: Point,
+    // pub look_at: Point,
+    // pub v_up: Vec3,
+    // pub focal_length: Vec3,
+    // pub viewport_u: Vec3,
+    // pub viewport_v: Vec3,
+    pub defocus_angle: f32,
+    pub defocus_disk_u: Vec3,
+    pub defocus_disk_v: Vec3,
+
+    pub viewport_u_delta: Vec3,
+    pub viewport_v_delta: Vec3,
+    pub viewport_top_left_pixel_center: Vec3,
+
+    // sample times
+    pub sample_times: i8,
+    pub reflect_depth: i8,
+
+    // writer
+    pub ppm_file_writer: &'a mut PPMWriter<BufWriter<File>>
+}
+
+
+/*
+/////////////
+// for test
+/////////////
+*/
+pub struct Sphere {
+    pub center: Point,
+    pub radius: f32,
+    pub material: Option<MaterialKind>,
+}

src/vec3.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,8 @@
 
-use std::{fmt::Display, ops::{Add, AddAssign, Div, Mul, MulAssign, Sub}};
+use std::{fmt::Display, iter::Sum, ops::{Add, AddAssign, Div, Mul, MulAssign, Sub}};
 use std::fmt;
-/*
-* [3]
-*/
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
-pub struct Vec3 {
-    pub x: f32,
-    pub y: f32,
-    pub z: f32,
-}
+use rand::{rng, Rng};
+use crate::types_defined::Vec3;
 
 impl Display for Vec3 {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
@@ -44,6 +37,45 @@ impl Vec3 {
         return self.length_squared().sqrt();
     }
 
+    pub fn normalize(self) -> Vec3 {
+        let length = self.length_squared().sqrt();
+        if length != 0. {
+            let new_x = self.x / length;
+            let new_y = self.y / length;
+            let new_z = self.z / length;
+            Vec3 { x: new_x, y: new_y, z: new_z }
+        } else {
+            Vec3 { x: 0., y: 0., z: 0. }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn random_range(min: f32, max: f32) -> Self {
+        let rng = &mut rng();
+        Vec3::new(rng.random_range(min..max), rng.random_range(min..max), rng.random_range(min..max))
+    }
+
+    pub fn random() -> Self {
+        let rng = &mut rng();
+        Vec3::new(rng.random(), rng.random(), rng.random())
+    }
+
+    pub fn random_unit() -> Self {
+        loop {
+            let v = Vec3::random();
+            if 1e-160 < v.length_squared() && v.length_squared() <= 1.0 {
+                return v / v.length_squared();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn random_unit_on_hemisphere(point_normal: Vec3) -> Self {
+        let on_unit_sphere = Vec3::random_unit();
+        if on_unit_sphere.dot(point_normal) > 0.0 {
+            on_unit_sphere
+        } else {
+            Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0) - on_unit_sphere
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl Add for Vec3 {
@@ -105,6 +137,15 @@ impl Div<f32> for Vec3 {
     }
 }
 
+// Vec * Vec
+impl Mul<Vec3> for Vec3 {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn mul(self, rhs: Vec3) -> Self::Output {
+        Vec3::new(self.x * rhs.x, self.y * rhs.y, self.z * rhs.z)
+    }
+}
+
 // 加法赋值: Vec3 += Vec3
 impl AddAssign for Vec3 {
     fn add_assign(&mut self, other: Self) {
@@ -118,3 +159,17 @@ impl MulAssign<f32> for Vec3 {
         *self = *self * scalar;
     }
 }
+
+impl Sum for Vec3 {
+    fn sum<I: Iterator<Item = Self>>(iter: I) -> Self {
+        let mut sum_x = 0.0;
+        let mut sum_y = 0.0;
+        let mut sum_z = 0.0;
+        for vec in iter {
+            sum_x += vec.x;
+            sum_y += vec.y;
+            sum_z += vec.z;
+        }
+        Vec3 { x: sum_x, y: sum_y, z: sum_z }
+    }
+}

src/write_file_util.rs

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-use std::{fs::File, io::{BufWriter, Write}};
-
-pub fn write_image(content: String, file_path: String) {
-    if let Ok(file) = File::create(file_path) {
-        let mut writer = BufWriter::new(file);
-        if let Err(e) = writer.write(content.as_bytes()) {
-            println!("写出失败：{:#}", e)
-        }
-    } else {
-        println!("PPM保存失败")
-    }
-}