12.1.Camera Viewing Geometry

Cargo.lock

@@ -2,6 +2,12 @@
 # It is not intended for manual editing.
 version = 4
 
+[[package]]
+name = "bitflags"
+version = "2.9.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1b8e56985ec62d17e9c1001dc89c88ecd7dc08e47eba5ec7c29c7b5eeecde967"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "cfg-if"
 version = "1.0.1"
@@ -10,12 +16,13 @@ checksum = "9555578bc9e57714c812a1f84e4fc5b4d21fcb063490c624de019f7464c91268"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "getrandom"
-version = "0.2.16"
+version = "0.3.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "335ff9f135e4384c8150d6f27c6daed433577f86b4750418338c01a1a2528592"
+checksum = "26145e563e54f2cadc477553f1ec5ee650b00862f0a58bcd12cbdc5f0ea2d2f4"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
+ "r-efi",
  "wasi",
 ]
 
@@ -53,21 +60,26 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "rand"
-version = "0.8.5"
+name = "r-efi"
+version = "5.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "34af8d1a0e25924bc5b7c43c079c942339d8f0a8b57c39049bef581b46327404"
+checksum = "69cdb34c158ceb288df11e18b4bd39de994f6657d83847bdffdbd7f346754b0f"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rand"
+version = "0.9.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6db2770f06117d490610c7488547d543617b21bfa07796d7a12f6f1bd53850d1"
 dependencies = [
- "libc",
  "rand_chacha",
  "rand_core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rand_chacha"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e6c10a63a0fa32252be49d21e7709d4d4baf8d231c2dbce1eaa8141b9b127d88"
+checksum = "d3022b5f1df60f26e1ffddd6c66e8aa15de382ae63b3a0c1bfc0e4d3e3f325cb"
 dependencies = [
  "ppv-lite86",
  "rand_core",
@@ -75,9 +87,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rand_core"
-version = "0.6.4"
+version = "0.9.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ec0be4795e2f6a28069bec0b5ff3e2ac9bafc99e6a9a7dc3547996c5c816922c"
+checksum = "99d9a13982dcf210057a8a78572b2217b667c3beacbf3a0d8b454f6f82837d38"
 dependencies = [
  "getrandom",
 ]
@@ -108,9 +120,21 @@ checksum = "5a5f39404a5da50712a4c1eecf25e90dd62b613502b7e925fd4e4d19b5c96512"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasi"
-version = "0.11.1+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
+version = "0.14.2+wasi-0.2.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ccf3ec651a847eb01de73ccad15eb7d99f80485de043efb2f370cd654f4ea44b"
+checksum = "9683f9a5a998d873c0d21fcbe3c083009670149a8fab228644b8bd36b2c48cb3"
+dependencies = [
+ "wit-bindgen-rt",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wit-bindgen-rt"
+version = "0.39.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6f42320e61fe2cfd34354ecb597f86f413484a798ba44a8ca1165c58d42da6c1"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy"

Cargo.toml

@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 edition = "2024"
 
 [dependencies]
-rand = "0.8.5"  # 使用最新稳定版
+rand = "0.9.2"  # 使用最新稳定版

src/camera.rs

@@ -2,24 +2,30 @@ use std::fs::File;
 use std::io::{BufWriter};
 
 use crate::hittable::HittableList;
-use crate::math_utils::{clamp, near_zero};
+use crate::math_utils::{clamp, degrees_to_radians};
 use crate::ppm_writer::PPMWriter;
 use crate::types_defined::{Camera, Color, HitRecord, Point, Ray, Vec3};
 use rand::rngs::ThreadRng;
-use rand::{Rng, thread_rng};
+use rand::{Rng, rng};
 use crate::material::{Material, MaterialKind};
 
 impl<'a> Camera<'a> {
     pub fn new(
+        fov: f32,
         image_width: i32,
         aspect_ratio: f32,
-        viewport_height: f32,
         camera_center: Point,
-        focal_length: Vec3,
+        focal_length: f32,
         sample_times: i8,
         reflect_depth: i8,
         ppm_file_writer: &'a mut PPMWriter<BufWriter<File>>
     ) -> Self {
+
+
+       let theta = degrees_to_radians(fov);
+       let h = f32::tan(theta / 2.);
+       let viewport_height = 2. * h * focal_length;
+
         let image_height = ((image_width as f32 / aspect_ratio) as i32).max(1);
         let viewport_width = viewport_height * (image_width as f32 / image_height as f32);
 
@@ -34,7 +40,7 @@ impl<'a> Camera<'a> {
         // height per pix
         let viewport_v_delta = viewport_v / (image_height as f32);
         let viewport_top_left_pixel =
-            camera_center - focal_length - viewport_u / 2.0 - viewport_v / 2.0;
+            camera_center - Vec3::new(0., 0., focal_length) - viewport_u / 2.0 - viewport_v / 2.0;
         // padding 0.5* delta u/v
         let viewport_top_left_pixel_center =
             viewport_top_left_pixel - viewport_u_delta / 2.0 - viewport_v_delta / 2.0;
@@ -69,7 +75,7 @@ impl<'a> Camera<'a> {
             for i in 0..self.image_width {
                 // color
                 let mut color = Color::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-                let rng = &mut thread_rng();
+                let rng = &mut rng();
                 for _ in 0..self.sample_times {
                     let bias = self.random_square(rng);
                     let pix_sample = self.viewport_top_left_pixel_center

src/main.rs

@@ -22,11 +22,12 @@ fn main() {
 
 fn camera_render() {
 
+    let fov: f32 = 90.;
     let scale = 1;
     let width: i32 = 800/scale;
     let height: i32 = 600/scale;
-    let sample_times = 127;
-    let reflect_depth = 127;
+    let sample_times = 20;
+    let reflect_depth = 20;
 
 
     let pw_r = PPMWriter::new(
@@ -40,11 +41,11 @@ fn camera_render() {
     
 
     let mut camera: Camera = Camera::new(
+        fov,
         width,
         width as f32 / height as f32,
-        2.0,
         Point::new(0.0, -0.0, 0.0),
-        Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 1.0),
+        1.0,
         sample_times,
         reflect_depth,
         pw

src/math_utils.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
+use std::f32::consts::PI;
+
 use crate::types_defined::{Ray, Vec3};
 
+pub fn degrees_to_radians(deg: f32) -> f32 {
+    deg * PI / 180.
+}
+
 pub fn clamp(value: f32, low: f32, high: f32) -> f32 {
     if value < low {
         return low;